Mysteries Afoot: Identifying Appalachian Animal Tracks

Looking around as you walk through the forests of the Appalachian Mountains will grant you sights of tree diversity and breathtaking views. You may even get lucky and see some of the elusive–yet abundant–wildlife that call the Blue Ridge home. However, when you take the time to look down, you get to see the stories of these animals unfold. In the mud of a wet part of a trail, the silt on the side of a stream, or in the snow during a cold winter day, you can clearly see the traces of animals roaming the area before you.

Bear tracks along the Virginia Creeper Trail.

What are animal tracks?

Animal tracks are imprints made by animals moving across the ground. Most often these tracks are impressions of the animal’s feet left behind on soft surfaces, but can also represent any part of the body that touched the ground. 

Animal tracks are an interesting tool for anyone with a keen eye who wants to learn more about the habits and behaviors of our animal neighbors. These tracks can come in a variety of shapes, sizes, depths, and patterns, depending on the species that left them and what they were doing when the tracks were created. By paying attention to the different features of tracks, we can explore which species left them and learn why the tracks formed in the ways they did. 

For instance, the size of a deer track (a hoof distinctly split into two cloven halves) gives the observer hints as to the age and gender of the stepper, as a smaller footprint likely comes from a juvenile animal, and bucks typically have larger feet than does when fully grown. The gait pattern and depth of the tracks can lead to conclusions about how the animal was moving and how fast they were traveling. 

Where is the best place to find animal tracks? 

You can find animal tracks pretty much anywhere! The easiest tracks to spot are the ones left in soft and malleable soil types. Soil after rainfall is especially saturated with water, allowing animal feet to sink better into it. But of course, snow tops the charts for best track substrate. When snow is on the ground, tracks abound! There’s no avoiding leaving a trace behind when snow is pushed down with every step and there’s no leaf litter or debris to hide a path. 

Regardless of the weather, one of the best spots to check for tracks is next to a body of water, along the muddy banks of a river, creek or lake. Many animals rely on these places for their drinking water, and often this soil will be composed of soft silt or sand, which make for excellent tracks. 

At Blue Ridge Discovery Center, we have a “track trapper,” which is essentially a sandy area by Della’s Branch Nature Trail. The idea is that when an animal walks to the stream to take a drink, it will leave behind a footprint or two for us to identify!

Identifying animal tracks

So how can you tell what animal left what tracks? There are some key features that can help identify which tracks belong to which critter.

The main features of animal tracks are the toes, metacarpal pad (or paw pad, for the not rigorously academic tracker), claws, and negative space.

A sketch of a bear print demonstrating the different features to look for when identifying animal tracks.

Count toes and claws

When looking at any given track, the first questions that come to the trained tracking mind are: How many toes does this animal have? What shape is the pad? Does the animal have claws? If so, how big are they? 

It can be helpful to start by measuring and counting the different details of animal tracks, ruling out certain species based on the presence or absence of certain features.

Feline and canine tracks show four toes, but bear, beaver, raccoon, and opossum tracks show five. Canines, bears, and skunk tracks show claws; bobcat tracks do not. 

Consider negative space

Negative space is a little less obvious, but it's everything else that isn’t pushed down in between each of the other features. This is the space between each of the toes, between the toes and the pad, or between the toes and the claws. Within this negative space you can find patterns that correspond with the feet of certain species, including features such as webbing. 

Another thing to keep in mind is that many animals have very different tracks for their front feet and their hind feet, so while it could look like two different animals, it could very well be the same one!

Measure the track size

Size is a great starting point for track identifcation. It’s helpful to carry a ruler and field guide to reference when determing which tracks belong to who!

Look for gait patterns

Animals of the same species often move in a similar way, referred to as gait. When multiple tracks are present, you can use these patterns of movement to narrow down the possibilities. 

Trackers call some animals “perfect walkers” because they move very efficiently, placing each hind foot in nearly the exact position as the front foot. Coyote, fox, bobcat, and deer tracks tend to represent this precise, zig-zag pattern. 

Other animals seem to amble, shifting their weight from side to side as they move, earning them the moniker “waddlers.” Bear, raccoon, opossum, and skunk tracks show all four feet since these animals move deliberately. 

Still other animals are “bounders” that leap with each step, leaving behind a pair of paws at each touchdown. Mustelids like otters and weasels leave behind this adorable track pattern. 

Finally, “hoppers” (rabbits, chipmunks, and other rodents) jump in such a way that their back feet land ahead of their front feet, making for an interesting track pattern that looks almost like a game of leapfrog. 

Comparing tracks

Some tracks can look very similar, so there are important differences to consider when trying to figure out just whose footprint you’re looking at. The tracks of a coyote can look very similar to the tracks of a domestic dog, for instance.

Size can be helpful for distinguishing these two because coyotes are larger than most medium sized dogs and always larger than the small breeds. But since some dogs are similar in size to coyotes, you may have to look at the toes, claws, and track pattern for a definitive answer. 

Dogs usually have widely splayed toes, blunt claws, and a sloppy track pattern, whereas coyotes have narrow toes that face forward without splaying, sharp claws, and a neat and straight track pattern. 

To a less experienced observer, bobcat tracks could also appear similar to coyote tracks, so you have to look at the claws and the pad. Bobcats, being felines, have retractable claws that tend to not show up in the tracks. Bobcats also have a more lobed pad compared to the coyote's more uniform pad. 

Red fox and gray fox tracks can be very hard to distinguish at times, but the red fox has much larger paws and a more triangular pad. With retractable back claws and less furry feet, gray foxes show off more toe visibility and have a more v-shaped pad. 

Animal tracks from left to right: deer, bobcat, gray fox, and coyote.

Other factors

Some animals have incredibly unique characteristics that make them stand out from other tracks, allowing for easy identification. 

Bears have massive paws with a wide pad and toes that face forward, each with a blunt claw. Beaver tracks show off the large, flat hind feet in comparison to their smaller front feet. Skunks have a very visible imprint of their heel in most of their tracks, which varies between the front and back paws. 

A bullfrog track shows off their thin, long toes on their hind feet and the inward facing placement of their front feet. Small tracks with a line running down the middle could mean you have a set of mouse or vole tracks, as their tail drags along behind them as they walk. Cloven hoofprints are almost always deer tracks, which can be easily distinguishable from large domesticated animals like horses and pigs. The wild turkey is a staple track for most hunters given the three toes in front and the one toe behind them along with the large size of their feet. 

So next time you’re taking a stroll through the woods, take your eyes off the views for a moment and look down. You may get to read an animal’s story in the language of tracks! And don’t worry, while the tracks may fade, the views aren’t going anywhere.

Winter Rally Re-Cap

Geology Road Trip with Arthur Merschat

We were delighted to host the first ever Mount Rogers Winter Naturalist Rally last weekend! It has been one of our objectives to host a fall, winter, and summer rally. The winter rally focused on the flora, fauna, weather, and terrain that is unique to the cold, winter months! 80 eager individuals experienced stimulating outdoor activities and great food. Our programs included winter astronomy, the Oral History of Konnarock, a weather balloon launch, a geology road trip, waterfowl prowl, wildlife tracks & signs, winter tree identification, the challenges of measuring snow, ecology & management of high elevation communities and clay bowl making with Grim Pottery.

Geology Road Trip with Arthur Merschat

Fluorescent Lichen found on a Night Hike led by Cade Campbell following the winter astronomy program.

We would like to say thank you to our keynote speaker and guide, Dr. Doug Miller, for his extraordinary presentation, “Sandy Snow: An Unusual Hurricane Winter Wonderland”. We would also like to thank our incredible guides that really helped make our first Winter Rally a success. Thank you to Allen Boynton, Cade Campbell, Jeremy Stout, Dr. Ed Davis, Mark Archibald, Arthur Merschat, Jordon Blevins, and Debbie Yates.

Kids programs were lead by Program Coordinator Ali Reilly and Naturalist Educator Olivia Jackson. Fries School brought 18 students to explore the Blue Ridge through programs such as intro to birding, geology, tracks & signs, snow science, and winter ecology.

Finally, a special shoutout to our spectacular volunteers, the BRDC Board! Their help truly allowed the rally to run smoothly and efficiently.

We can’t wait to see everyone back on our campus for our Spring Rally coming May 12-14! Stay tuned for more updates!

Fun Times

What a great bunch of enthusiastic kids full of stories and questions! BRDC got to spend the afternoon with the 2nd and 3rd graders at Hillsville Elementary School during their intersession. We presented our Tracks and Signs program to tie in with their animal theme. 

The class began with the distinction between animal tracks and animals signs. We quickly moved on to choosing a mold of an animal track and mixed up our messy Plaster of Paris and poured it into the mold to create a cast of that print. The students eagerly participated in the continued activities and patiently waited for their casts to harden. At the end of the program, they all removed their casts from the mold and left with their own animal track!

Toes in the Sand

Kids are always intrigued by animal tracks and they are quick to identify our most common tracks of deer and dogs, but can they determine the other critters that travel through our area leaving only a track behind?

The K-2 Program presented the book "Whose Tracks are These? A Clue Book of Familiar Forest Animals" by Jim Nail. In this story, the reader is given clues to the description of an animal and its tracks. The clues lead you to guess "who am I?" with the answer given on the following page. The students in Grayson County Public Schools loved this book and loudly expressed Whose tracks these were! 

After the completion of the story, the students were asked to take off a sock and shoe and step into the tray of sand. They observed and described the characteristics of their tracks as a "hands-on" (using their feet) tool to aid in understanding the parts of a track. Afterward, track casts of animals found in the Blue Ridge were pressed into the sand and the students tried to guess which animal they belonged to. They were finally asked to do a homework assignment for BRDC; to go on a hike with their family and see how many animal tracks they could discover and identify. They are to report back to us in March. 

We want to thank the teachers and staff at all the schools for allowing us to come into their classrooms.....and apologize for leaving behind sandy tracks on the carpet circles all over the county!